The multilingual turn in pragmatics

Abstract In the Valencian Community in Spain, coexistence of Spanish and Catalan as co-official languages English a foreign language, which is learned third language (L3), shapes unique multilingual setting. This study examined extent to learners’ use two interpersonal pragmatic markers (PMs), i.e., hedges (e.g., I believe ) attitude fortunately ), related across whether relationship changes over time. Participants were 313 Spanish-Catalan bilingual high school learners L3 English. They wrote three opinion essays one academic year instruction: Spanish, Catalan, Quantitative results revealed trend towards stronger correlations time both PMs. At Time 3, statistically significant for all pairs (Spanish English). Qualitative analyses lend support these show transfer at phrase discourse-level.